In the present study, the effect of SWIM STRESS on morphine-induced tolerance was investigated in mice using formalin test. In this respect, intraperitoneal administration of different doses of morphine (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent antinociception in both acute and chronic phases of the formalin test. In addition, an exposure to SWIM STRESS 2 or 3 times for 3 consecutive days was performed in order to induce tolerance. This exercise decreased morphine-induced antinociception. Meanwhile, morphine administration (25 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of SWIM STRESS (for two to three times) potentiated tolerance induced by morphine in both phases of the formalin test. Administration of a higher dose of morphine (50 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of SWIM STRESS did not alter morphine-induced tolerance in both phases of the test. On the other hand, administration of the latter dose of morphine for 3 days in the absence of SWIM STRESS decreased morphine-induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. It can be concluded that there may be a cross interaction between morphineinduced antinociception and SWIM STRESS.

Background: The adrenal gland is an essential organ in systems that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis during STRESS. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of COLD WATER SWIM STRESS ((CWSS)) on the volumetric parameters of rat adrenal gland.Materials and Method: In this experimental study, 20 mature male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 200±30 g were selected and randomly divided into two equal study and control groups (n=10). STRESS was induced by forced SWIMming in COLD WATER (15oC), 2 min daily for 20 days. The animals were weighed and decapitated. Their adrenal glands were excised quickly, freed of fat tissue, weighed, and fixed in Lilli’s solution and embedded in paraplast, according to routine histological procedures. Five μm sections were cut using microtome and stained by the Masson trichrome technique. Volumetric parameters of adrenal gland and its components were estimated using point counting method. The Mann Whitney-U test was employed to determine statistically significant differences between the means.Results: Results showed that COLD WATER SWIM STRESS induced a significant reduction in body weight (p<0.01), and a significant increase in relative adrenal weight (p<0.001). The absolute volume of zona fasciculata increased significantly (p<0.05) and the volume fraction of zona reticularis decreased significantly (p<0.05) in (CWSS) compared to the control group.Conclusion: COLD WATER SWIM STRESS ((CWSS)) produces volumetric changes in the rat adrenal glands. Different zones of the glands respond differently to cope with this STRESS.

Introduction: Since STRESS is considered as an important factor which can affect the releasing of various hormones and metabolism, the aim of this survey was to evaluate the effect of mandatory COLD SWIM STRESS on fasting blood sugar (FBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and serum insulin in male rats.Materials & Methods: This experiment was performed on 30 adult (5-7month) Wistar-Albino male rats (200-250 g weight) which were divided into sham control, control and test groups, randomly (n=10 each group). Test group was given mandatory SWIM STRESS in a pool for 1-2 minute but control group was put in the empty pool. Sham control did not undergo STRESSor during the course of the experiment. OGTT was carried for all animals through the intake of 1 gram glucose until 2 days before the end of experiment course. At e end, the animals were anesthetized by diethyl ether and blood samples were prepared. FBS and OGTT were measured by ordinary methods but serum insulin was measured by ELIZA method.Findings: The findings showed that FBS, OGTT, food and WATER intake in the test group were significantly increased compared with those of other groups but body weight were significantly decreased compared with those of sham control and control groups.Discussion & Conclusion: The results showed that mandatory COLD SWIM STRESS affected FBS, OGTT and food and WATER intake in male rats.

To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative and qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.WATER deficit STRESS (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild WATER deficit STRESS), 60 (moderate WATER deficit STRESS) and 80% (severe WATER deficit STRESS) of WATER used (available WATER)) in the main plot and fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost and no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) and total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild WATER deficit STRESS condition and the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate WATER deficit STRESS condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe WATER deficit STRESS condition (19.72%) and moderate WATER deficit STRESS (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of WATER soluble carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate WATER deficit STRESS (22.06%) and application of urea in severe WATER deficit STRESS conditions, respectively. Mild WATER deficit STRESS application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild WATER deficit STRESS was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

Introduction: Recent studies have shown that COLD WATER SWIMming STRESS ((CWSS)) produces analgesia. Although exact mechanism of the analgesia is until unclear, it may attributed to CCK receptors. On the other hand, the effectiveness of analgesic drugs for treatment of neuropathic pain is limited. In the present study, the effects of CCK receptor agonist caerulein and antagonist proglumide , both alone and together on the (CWSS)- induced analgesia was investigated and compared in normal mice and those whose sciatic nerve was ligated. j}faterial & Methods: In this research, fifty groups of nine male albino mice were used. As a model of neuropathy, the unilateral nerve ligation was made by a surgical procedure on the right hind limb. Pain sensitivity was measured by the hot plate test. Results: Different (CWSS) regimes (0.5-3 min) induced time-dependent analgesia. Nerve ligation did not alter the (CWSS) induced analgesia. Caerulein (0.025, 0.05Jand 0.1 mg/kg) induced analgesia in both nerve ligated and intact animals. Different doses of proglumide (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg) alone produced analgesic effect. The response of caerulein was not inhibited by proglumide: In the STRESSed mice, both drugs and the combination of them showed analgesia but there appeared to be no potentiation in (CWSS)- induced analgesia. Our results indicate no significant relationship between CCK receptors and the (CWSS)- induced analgesia. Conclusion: Nevertheless, (CWSS) as an alternative to drug treatment in neuropathic pain requires more studies.

Background: Lithium has been shown to relieve mania and induce antinociception. In the present study, SWIM STRESS at 8°C induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. Intraperitoneal administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) (0.05, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) also induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. Methods: Antinociception was assessed by the formalin test method. SWIM STRESS was achieved in the 8°C WATER in a container 5 cm in diameter and 20 cm tall filled with WATER do a depth of 11 cm. Results: The drug (0.5 and 5 mg/kg) potentiated SWIM STRESS-induced antinociception in the second phase of the test. Repeated exposure to WATER SWIMming STRESS with a period of 40 sec, once daily for three days, in combination with lithium chloride did not alter STRESS-induced antinociception in either phases of the formalin test, when SWIM STRESS-induced antinociception was tested on the fourth day. Subchronic treatment with morphine (25 mg/kg), once daily for three days, in the presence or absence of lithium chloride (5 mg/kg) did not alter SWIM STRESS-induced antinociception, either, when SWIM STRESS-induced antinociception was tested on the fourth day. Conclusion: It may be concluded that lithium chloride potentiates SWIM STRESS-induced antinociception, but the drug has no influence on the response of subchronic administration SWIM STRESS or morphine.

Introduction: 10 to 15 percent of the couples are infertile .In this respect, the use of assisted fertilization techniques is inevitable for those who do not respond to pharmacological treatments. SWIM-up is one of those techniques that may improve the sperm quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of SWIM-up technique on the motion, density and morphology of sperm.Materials and Methods: This is an analytic- experimental study conducted on 345 semen samples of patients who referred to Navin Infertility Center for Intra Uterine Fertilization. The number, motility and morphology of sperm were evaluated both before and after administrating the technique of SWIM-up. The data were then analyzed using SPSS, version11. The statistical techniques of paired t-test, independent two sample T-test and ANOVA revealed the results.Results: The mean of sperm count decreased significantly after using the SWIM-up technique (48/14×106) versus before the SWIM up (55/92×106). As for the mean of sperm motility, it was estimated as 55/6% before administrating the technique of SWIM-up, which increased to 92/3% after the SWIM-up. The results indicate that SWIM up led to the improvement of sperm motility of grade A on a scale of 22/11±7/40 unit.Conclusion: After doing the SWIM-up technique, the normal morphology, motility and grading of sperm improve significantly.

Introduction: STRESS effects on epilepsy excite different dissections. To clarify more, we studied the influences of acute and repeated STRESS on convulsions epilepsy elicited by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ).Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (200-250g, 10≥n≤7) were used. Two PTZ control groups, first with one session of injection (45 mg/Kg PTZ i.p.) and second with 3 session of injection (25 mg/Kg PTZ, with 15 minute interval) and two sham groups with vehicle (saline) injection instead of PTZ were used in this study. Three experimental categories, each one contain the above groups of PTZ were designed, animals in the first categories expose to forced SWIM STRESS 30 min before PTZ treatments. Treating of PTZ was done for the second categories 24 h after SWIMming and for third one 24 h after 3rd sessions of SWIMming (24h interval between each session), after PTZ treatments the epilepsy behaviors were recorded.Results: Forced SWIMming 30 min before one session of PTZ, reduced seizure (P<0.05) 5 min after PTZ injection, SWIM STRESS 24 min before one session of PTZ, reduced seizure (P<0.01) during 10-15 min after PTZ injection. In one session of PTZ treating, 24h after repeated SWIM STRESS, reduced seizure during 5 (P<0.01) and 10-15 min (P<0.01) after PTZ injection was observed. Forced SWIMming 30 min before three session of PTZ, increased seizure 5-10 (P<0.01) and 25-30 min (P<0.05) after PTZ injection, SWIM STRESS 24 min before three session of PTZ, reduced seizure (P<0.05) during 15- 25 min after PTZ injection. In three session of PTZ treating, 24h after repeated SWIM STRESS, reduced seizure during 15-25 (P<0.05) after PTZ injection was observed. Conclusions: STRESS elicited both exciting and inhibitory effects on PTZ induced seizure. If it supposes that PTZ (45 mg/kg) saturates excitatory effects, so the inhibitory effects remains for STRESS, but PTZ (25 mg/Kg) has little influence on nervous system for revealing epilepsy, thus exciting part of STRESS can add to functions of PTZ and strength its effects. It may that repeated STRESS ability for recruitment of compensatory systems which regulates increased neurons excitation, at least in part, is responsible for inhibitory effect of repeated STRESS on PTZ induced seizure.

To investigate the effects of WATER deficit STRESS and bio and non-bio fertilizers on Thymus Vulgaris, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. The treatments included WATER tension: W1=7 (Control), W2=12 and W3=17 days irrigation intervals as the main factor and bio and non - bio fertilizers at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= endo mycorrhiza (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria, B4= Pseudomonas bacteria and B5= chemical fertilizer (NPK) a sub – factors. Results showed that the highest flowering branches yield, a, b, and total chlorophylls and nitrogen and phosphorus elements were observed in 17 days of irrigation (W3). 12 days of irrigation treatment (W2) showed the highest potassium element rate. The highest a, b and chlorophylls and nitrogen were observed in Azospirillum treatment (B3). The highest total chlorophyll, phosphorus element, carotenoids and flavonoids were observed in Pseudomonas treatment (B4); the highest potassium element rate were obtained in mycorrhiza treatment (B2); the highest flowering branches yield were observed in NPK treatment (B5) and control (B1) treatment resulted in the highest anthocyanin